History Buff : A Blue Plaque Proposal for Sultan Abu Bakar

A Blue Plaque proposal has been submitted to English Heritage to honour Sultan Abu Bakar ibni al-Marhum Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim (1833-1895) on Friday, 29 October 2021. The Sultan, informally known as "The Father of Modern Johor" stayed in a 5-storey terraced townhouse known as 22 Manchester Square, London, in 1866.

22 Manchester Square, Marylebone, London. Source: Wikipedia.

The submission was prompted by the discovery of the actual address which the Sultan stayed during his first visit to London. During research which was personally requested by the late Sultan's great great grand daughter, HRH Tunku Hajah Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah, the actual address of his place of abode during his 6-month stay, together with relevant dates of his itinerary came to light.

HRH Queen of Malaysia Tunku Hajah Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah Binti Almarhum Al-Mutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj, great great grand daughter of Sultan Abu Bakar ibni Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.

The Illustrated London News, 12 May 1866.

The Illustrated London News,
19 May 1866.

The Illustrated London News, 9 June 1866.

The Illustrated London News, 4 August 1866.

The Illustrated London News, 29 September 1866.

Sultan Abu Bakar was the first Malay ruler to travel to Europe. During his 1866 visit he met Queen Victoria, Prince Alfred, Princess Alexandra, Princess Helena, Princess Mary, Prince Teck, the Lord Mayor of London, and the 2nd Duke of Wellington. The Queen personally bestowed him Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in September 1866. To commemorate his 1866 visit, the Johore Quadrilles was published by Robert Cocks & Co. There are 5 quadrilles in total, each based on several Malay melodies and arranged for the piano according to the standard conventions of European tonal harmony. It is believed to have been performed for Sultan Abu Bakar by Coote & Tinney's Band, the premier London dance orchestra, during the State Ball at Buckingham Palace held on 5 June 1866.

'Johore Quadrilles', published and sold to the public by Robert Cocks & Co. c. 1867. Source: Cambridge University Library.

The Illustrated London News, 9 June 1866.

Painting of the Ballroom at Buckingham Palace c. 1856. Source: Royal Collection Trust.

Sultan Abu Bakar made subsequent visits to London in 1868 (6 months), 1878 (3 months), 1885 (14 months), 1889 (18 months), 1893 (6 months) and 1895 (1 month). In 1885, he sought legal recognition from Britain for a change in his legal state title of "Maharajah" to a regal title of "Sultan", and was proclaimed the following year. Amongst the Sultan's personal gifts to Queen Victoria were two portraits of her Majesty painted by Tavernor Knott in 1868 & 1878, and a golden replica of Albert Memorial by James William Benson presented in 1887.

"Princess Beatrice of Battenberg; Queen Victoria" c. 1860-1870. One of the two paintings believed to have been commissioned by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor, and painted by Tavernor Knott c. 1868.
Source: National Portrait Gallery, UK.

Replica of the Albert Memorial by J.W. Benson gifted by Sultan Abu Bakar to Queen Victoria c 1887.

On his last visit to London, he fell ill due to kidney complications. Hearing the news, Queen Victoria sent her personal physician, Dr. Douglas Powell, to take care of him. Unfortunately, he died on 4.6.1895 at Bailey's Hotel, South Kensington. The ritual involving bathing and shrouding of his remains was conducted by a Mufti from Ottoman Turkey; whereas the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II arranged for his remains to be repatriated to Johor. Queen Victoria ensured that funeral arrangements were in accordance to the Royal ceremonies and that it went smoothly; wherein the press reported that "the Queen is anxious that all respect shall be paid to the remains of the Sultan of Johore when they quit this country". As a sign of her last respects, Queen Victoria ordered that the remains of Sultan Abu Bakar to be lowered from the stairs of Westminster and carried by a funeral ship to P&O's S.S. Bombay which was berthed at the Royal Albert Dock. As the cortage passes the Tower of London minute-guns were fired. The flags at the Tower of London as well as those on ships along the 11-mile river journey were lowered half mast.

During his lifetime, the Sultan took charge of the development of Johor's infrastructure, administrative system, military and civil service, all of which were modelled closely along Western lines. To some extent the friendly relationship between the Sultan and Queen Victoria initiated by this 1866 visit helped the process of modernization of Johor.

A Blue Plaque by English Heritage is a permanent sign installed in a public place in London to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person, or event on the site, serving as a historical marker. There are now over 900 plaques in London commemorating both individuals and events. The criteria for eligibility states that the famous person must have been dead for 20 years or have passed the centenary of their birth, be eminent within their profession and made an outstanding contribution to society.

Personally, this area of London brings plenty of fond memories as I stayed at 61 Castletown Road, West Kensington for a year in 1994-95 during my Barrister-at-law course at Holborn College and dining attendances at Lincoln's Inn. On top of museums and galleries, it was exciting to see Blue Plaques around the area. My earliest trip to London was with my parents in 1986; the second one was with my university classmates back in 1992.

Joseph Chioh Hock Hua, Dr. Mohd. Bahrin Othman & Yusrin Faidz Yusoff at Victoria Embankment, near Middle Temple Gardens, London c. 1992.

Further, the budget for the Sultan's first visit to London was drawn up by my ancestors. My great great great maternal grand uncle, Mohd. Yahya bin Abdullah, was 'tukang wang' (treasurer) to Temenggong Abu Bakar (as he then was). He died with about 30 others in an explosion on board Abu Bakar's newly acquired iron paddle-steamer 'Johore' in Singapore waters on 15.4.1865. The incident, which occured a year prior to Abu Bakar's first visit to London was also reported in the Illustrated London News. His position as treasurer was filled by his younger brother Mohd. Salleh bin Abdullah. At that time, the siblings including Mohd. Yusof and Mohd. Ariff were closed to Abu Bakar as their elder sister, Mariam (Gedong) binti Abdullah was married to Abu Bakar's father, Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.

"Blowing-up of the Johore, iron paddle-steamer, off Singapore" by John Lawrence Kirby.
(The Illustrated London News, 10 June 1865)

Back to the proposal in question, in an e-mail correspondence with Howard Spencer of English Heritage, I was informed that the process which includes further research would take about a year, and that I would be duly informed of the panel’s decision. Mr. Spencer also highlighted that the award of a Blue Plaque is a highly competitive one wherein only around a fifth of proposals received make the shortlist.

References:

Abdullah, A. Rahman Tang. 2011. Sultan Abu Bakar’s foreign guests and travels abroad, 1860s –1895: fact and fiction in early Malay historical accounts. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 84(1): 1–22.
Abu Bakar of Johor. Wikipedia. Extracted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor
Gullick, J. M. (1992). Rulers and Residents Influence and Power in the Malay States 1870-1920. Singapore : Oxford University Press.
Johore Quadrilles, Arranged by the Composer of the Singapore Schottische, Polka &c. and Dedicated to His Highness the Maharajah of Johore, K. C. S. I. [1867]. London: Robert Cocks & Co.
Muhammad Said bin Hj. Sulaiman. 1940. Hikayat Johor dan Tawarikh al-Marhum Sultan Abu Bakar. Singapura : Malaya Publishing House.
The Illustrated London News, Vol. 46, January-June 1865.
The Illustrated London News, Vol. 48, January-June 1866.
The Illustrated London News, Vol. 49, July-December 1866.
The Illustrated London News, Vol. 73, July-December 1878.
Trocki, Carl A. 2007. Prince of Pirates: the Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885. 2nd edn. Singapore: NUS Press.
Yusoff, Y.F. 2020. Tragedi Kapal Johore. Historybuff. 12.10.2020. Extracted from: https://yusrinfaidz.blogspot.com/2020/10/tragedi-letupan-kapal-johore-1865.html
Yusoff, Y.F. 2021. Victoria & Abu Bakar. Historybuff. 4.6.2021. Extracted from: https://yusrinfaidz.blogspot.com/2021/06/victoria-abu-bakar.html